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Hello, and welcome to Software Freedom Day.

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I am Richard Stallman, founder of the Free Software Movement.

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To explain basic ideas of Free Software.

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Freedom means having control of your own life.

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Having control of the activites you do in your life.

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Now that we use software for some many of the things we do,

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to have control of our own lives, we need control of the software that we are using,

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that is doing our computing.

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With any program, the are two possibilities:

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either the user controls the program,

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or the program controls the users.

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It's always one or the other.

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When the users control the program,

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that's free software.

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That software respects the user's freedom and community.

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It's ethic, legitimate, in a way, it's made available for people to use.

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When the user does not control the program,

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then the program controls the user,

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and the program's owner or developer controls the program.

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So that non-free program puts the developer in a position

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of power over the users.

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And that is why it is an injustice.

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So, every program is either free software,

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which is distributed in a just and ethical way.

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Or it is proprietary software and injust.

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And we need to kick it out of our lives.

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In order for a program to be free software,

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it has to give us the four essential freedoms.

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Freedom 0 in the freedom to run the program as you wish,

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for any purpose.

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Freedom 1 is the freedom to study the program source code,

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and change it so it does your computing activity the way you wish.

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These two freedoms give us separately control over the program.

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I am free to change my copies and you are free to change your copies.

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But separately control is not enough.

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Most users are not programmers.

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They don't know how to study and change source code.

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But they deserve in participating in the control of what the program does.

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That means we need collective control of the program,

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as well as separately individual control.

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Collective control means you are free to work with others.

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To control together what that program does when you run it.

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And collective control requires two more essential freedoms.

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Freedom 2 is the freedom to make exact copies and distribute it to others when you wish.

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And freedom 3 is the freedom to make copies of your modified versions,

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and distribute it to others when you wish.

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These two freedoms make it possible for users that wish to collaborate

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to do so.

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Because whoever makes the modified version with freedom 3,

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can make copies and distribute them to others in the group.

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And they, using freedom 2, can make more copies of that same version,

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and distribute them to others in the group

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until they will all get it.

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But in addition they are free to offer copies to others,

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even publishing their versions meaning offering them to everyone in general.

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So, when a program carries these four freedoms,

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the user controls the program and it's free software.

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I should make it clear that these freedoms should be for all users of software,

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both individuals and organizations, whether it's commercial use or non-commercial use.

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They are all areas where we should have freedom.

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And, thus, freedoms 2 and 3, when we talked about

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to redistribute or to distribute modified versions,

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that includes both giving away copies and selling copies.

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We are not against businesses as such.

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We are against letting businesses have power over people.

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But non-free program gives its developer unjust power over the users.

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And nowadays developers are fully aware of this power.

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And they are constantly looking for ways to use that power

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against the users so that they can make more money.

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They do this by putting malicious features into proprietary programs.

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Proprietary programs now frequently do things like spy on users,

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stop users from doing what they would naturally want to do,

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impose censorship on users.

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They have backdoors through which the proprietors can attack the users.

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There are other schemes that they use to sabotage users.

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I won't go into all the details here, but look at gnu.org/proprietary

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for long lists of examples that are proved by articles in the press.

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If you use a proprietary program, there's a good chance it's designed to mistreat you.

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In fact, since many of the most widely used proprietary programs

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including proprietary operating systems such as Windows, Mac OS, Android,

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have malicious functionalities in proprietary code,

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so a person who uses proprietary software is almost certainly being victimized

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in these ways.

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Once we want to have freedom in our computing,

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how do we get free software to actually use?

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The first thing you need to make a computer do any good

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is an operating system.

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In 1983, when I started the free software movement,

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there was no free operating system.

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All the operating systems were proprietary,

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so the only way to run a computer was with proprietary software.

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As a practical plan to get us to freedom, I started developing

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a free software operating system GNU.

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Thousands of others have contributed to developing the GNU system.

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And in 1991, it was nearly complete.

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All that was missing was one component, the kernel.

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In that year, Mr. Torvalds began developing Linux, a kernel.

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In 1991, Linux was proprietary software,

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but in 1992, he made it free.

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At that point, it was possible to use Linux to fill the last gap in the GNU system.

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This contribution is GNU with Linux added.

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In other words, it's GNU/Linux.

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In fact, when people say the use Linux, they are actually using the GNU system with Linux added.

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But when the call it Linux, they are attributing our work to someone else,

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which is not fair to us.

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So, please, make an effort to give us credit for our work.

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Please, give us equal mention when you talk about the system, which is basically GNU plus Linux.

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Please, call it GNU/Linux.

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A political movement for freedom frequently encounters opposition.

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The Free Software Movement is no exception.

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During the 1990s, as people became aware of free software,

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because of the popularity of the GNU/Linux system,

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there was a debate whithin the free software community

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between people with different political views.

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Some of us were free software activists.

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We said for our freedom's sake, we must replace all proprietary software.

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We got to use free software alone.

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Others liked free software, but didn't agree with our political views.

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They participated in the community for convenience's sake.

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In 1998, some in the second group coined the term "Open Source".

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as a way of referring to basically the same programs,

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but without raising the issue in terms of right or wrong.

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Keep in mind that if you say free software,

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then you are talking about a political movement for freedom in our computing.

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And if you say open source, you are covering up the issue of freedom.

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They are not the same.

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You are free to advocate either one or neither or something else.

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I advocate free software.

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I complain when people associate me with the term open source

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because that stands for views that are not mine.

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I hope you will give the Free Software Movement your visible support.

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I am sorry to say that most of the distributions of GNU/Linux are not entirely free.

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They are mostly made of free software but they contain some proprietary software as well.

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If you switch from Windows or Mac OS to one of those distros, it's a big step forward,

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but it does not get you all the way to freedom.

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If you want to choose an entirely freedom-respecting GNU/Linux distro,

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please look at gnu.org/distros for a list and more information.

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The most important place to campaing for free software is in education.

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All level of schools should teach only free software.

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To teach people to use proprietary software is planting dependence in society.

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It's pushing people to accept the rule of corporations.

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Schools should never do this.

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For more information, look at gnu.org/education.

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Government agencies also should move to free software,

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so that they too avoid being under the power of companies,

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in many cases foreign companies,

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surely, you do no want your government agencies to be using software

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that is under the power of companies such as Microsoft or Apple or Google or Adobe,

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or any other.

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Look at gnu.org/government for more information.

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There is a lot of other useful information in gnu.org.

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gnu.org/philosophy addresses many specific questions related to free software.

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gnu.org/licenses discusses free software licensing.

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gnu.org/gnu discusses the history of the GNU project and the GNU operating system.

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gnu.org/distros describes the various free and non-free distributions.

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And gnu.org/help describes ways that you can contribute.

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Many different ways and no all of them involve programming.

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You don't have to feel that if you are not a programmer,

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that means you can't help us. Take a look at gnu.org/help

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and see which forms of help you can do.

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When you write a program that you recently release to the public,

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you should make it free software.

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But there are many different ways to do that, many different software licenses.

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Please see gnu.org/licenses/license-recommendations.html for our guidance.

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Our ways of deciding which licenses to use for a work based on

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details of the situation.

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In most cases, it's best to release under a copyleft license

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to make sure that others can't convert your code into a proprietary program

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and use it to subjugate others.